More about cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous and bony fish regulate the salt found in water by:
Fish- drink a lot of seawater for hydration and excrete the concentrated salt through their gills and gut
Sharks- Reabsorb the area by the breakdown of protien back into their tissue

Sharks have developed a life strategy that requires slow growth to a relatively large size, while fish demonstrate rapid growth and reach maturity faster

Shark reproduction is internal. They have pelvic claspers that serve as the sperm conducting structure for internal fertilization.

What are cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fish differ from other fish because they have skeletons made of cartilage

Examples of cartilaginous fish include sharks, rays, and chimeras

A sharks eye is special because some can protect their eye with a tough 3rd eyelid, and some even have a muscle that can roll their eye backward for protection.

Differences between bony and cartilaginous fish:

Sharks have fewer and larger blood cells

Shark skin is covered by dermal denticles and bony fish are covered in flat scales

Shark kidneys and genitals empty in only one opening while bony fish have two separate openings, the rectum and the anus.

Marine Science Words of Wisdom

"Dont wander away unseen for ten years...come back and visit often" Sea turtle hatchlings have to make their way from their nest on shore to the open ocean, alone. From the time they take their first swim until they return to the coastal ocean to forage as juveniles can take up to a decade and is called “the lost years” because they are so hard to track.

Nine Major Animal Phyla

The nine major phyla are:


1. Phylum Porifera - The Sponges
2. Phylum Coelenterata – The Coelenterates: jellyfish, hydras, corals

3. Phylum Platyhelminthes – The Flatworms: planaria, tapeworms

4. Phylum Nematoda – The Roundworms

5. Phylum Annelida – The Segmented Worms: earthworm, leech, sandworm

6. Phylum Arthropoda – The Arthropods: insects, spiders, crustaceans

7. Phylum Mollusca – The Mollusks: clams, snails, oysters, octopus

8. Phylum Echinodermata – The Echinoderms: sea stars, sea urchins

9. Phylum Chordata – The Chordates: fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals

• The types of habitats they can be found in are salt water, fresh water, and terrestrial.

• Some species dont have digestive systems, but those who do either have a complete or incomplete one.
• I have seen birds in the shy flying by as an example of a species in a phyla

animal habitat

In Eel grass the greater the density, the more animals that live in there

Animal Habitat April 11th

San Diego Bay is home to a list of Natural resources like salt marsh and tidal flats, birds nesting, and foraging sites

An invasive species is those who evolved elsewhere and whose introduction has or is likely to cause harm to the environment or human health.

An endangered species is a species who is at the risk of extinction. An endangered species in the SD Bay is the Pacific Green Sea Turtles. The San Diego bay offers a protected foraging habitat for the sea turtles and offers a prime study area for researchers

http://www.portofsandiego.org/environment/natural-resources.html

intro to SD bay

The San Diego bay is located in San Diego county. It is 19km long and 1.6 to 4.8 km wide. It is the 3rd largest of 3 natural bays

Activities on the bay are military activities and training

The shallow end of the bay is used for evaporation to extract salt from sea water.

The San diego National Wildlife refuge complex is located in Chula Vista

The purpose of the SD National Wildlife is to preserve and protect the rare birds of southern california coastal marshes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Bay

http://www.fws.gov/sandiegorefuges/

surface water

San Francisco and Norfolk, Virginia are on the same latitude but because San Francisco has air coming in from the ocean the temperatures in summer and winter are different.

Different ways temperatures are moderated on earth are
-Liquid water at the surface
-Distance from ocean
-Water Vapor
-Higher humidities = Moderate Temperatures

energy flows through ecosystem

QUESTIONS
1. (a) Examples of primary produceres. (b) How do they get their energy?
2. (a) The second trophic level is made up of what creatures. (b) How do they get their energy?
3. Why do predators make up the third trophic level?

ANSWERS
1. (a) plants, algae, and some bacteria. (b) use solar energy to produce organic plant material through photosythesis.

2. (a) Herbivores (plant eaters). (b) get energy through photosynthesis.

3. because they eat second trophyic level animals and other small predators.

Ocean water is more dense than fresh water. It has a density of 1.025 while fresh water is 1.0

Global warming at the poles and equator will lead to hasher weather increase in sea level increase in sea level and even mass extinctions.

The Thermal Characteristics of Water!

• Heat and temperature aren't different; Heat is the energy and temperature is a measure of it.
• Heat capacity of water is high, it has to absorb 4,184 joules to increase 1 degree Celsius
• Heat capacity of water is unique because is is very high and takes a while to go up
• Water temperatures affect its density because colder water is more dense and in the ocean colder water has more salinity which also makes it more dense

Water molecules are bonded to the central oxygen atom by a pair of electrons that are shared between them.

Positive and negative charges of water are distributed by the four electron pairs surrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other to minimize repulsions between these clouds of negative change

Insects walk on water because it is like an elastic film that resists deformation when a small weight is placed on it to due to surface tension .

When water is a solid it actually becomes less dense than as a liquid, which makes it unique

Sediment Cores & History

The authors name is Alyson Santoro and she is studying microbes in the nitrogen cycle


The technique the researcher used that is especially good at recovering delicate sediments is multi-coring; it drops a mooring into the water, and takes a lot of samples at once

After the samples are loaded onto the ship they are rushed to coldvan then measured for their oxygen content ration.

The name of the research vessel is call the Melville

Ecomonic imporatance of marine sediments

1.what are some products that come from sediments? 
A-Toothpaste, paint, swimming pool filters, building materials for roads and structures 

2.How much of the worlds energy comes from sediments 
A-36% of worlds crude oil and 28%of its natural gas 

 3.How important is sand and gravel?
 A-sand and gravel valued at more that $510 million.

Deep Ocean Basins:Trenches and Islands by mc on GoAnimate

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island arc

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Adaptions of sea cave creatures

1. What are some typical adaptions for these animals and why?

Answer :Typical adaptions seen among these animals are lack of pigmentation, reduction in the size of eyes, development of sensory mechanisms that do not depend on light for detecting food or predators.

2.Why is oxygen not plentiful in caves and how do creatures deal with the lack of oxygen

Answer: Many of these animals have adaptions that reduce the need for oxygen, this is because anchialine caves tend to be oxygen depleted because their is no photosynthesis and very limited water circulation in the caves.

3.Why do adaptions occur?

Answer: Adaptions happen as random events and if they provide an advantage, the organism is more likely to survive and reproduce than other organisms with these same adaptions . 

Hydrothermal vents

1. What exactly was described as "the biggest biological discovery on Earth?"
2. Where in the oceans was the discovery made?
3. What was “interesting” about Tube Worms?
4. How are species able to survive without sunlight? (What’s the process, if it’s not photosynthesis)
5. Where on Earth are hydrothermal vents located?
6. Describe the theory of how life on Earth may have began at hydrothermal vents? 

1.Hydrothermal vents caught on camera
2.These discoveries were made deep into the ocean
3.The worms bled human like blood.
4.Ther was another human like source underwater
5.these hydrothermal vents were located all over the earth
6.people are thinking that's where life began.

Bathymetry

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1, NOAA: Who are they, what do they do?
A- They are the us agency in charge of maping, protecting & managing somw of the water

2, The intensity of a sonar echo tells scientist what?
A- It tells if he bottom is hard, sandy, soft, or covered in sea grass.

3, How does R.O.V assist scientists ?
A- It is the key to understanding the sonar echo, it sends videos and images

4, Why are these studies important to society,?
A- To better understand the habitats for the fishes